Monthly Archives: March 2013

Adding Swap Space to an AWS EC2 Micro Instance

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I recently moved some of the WordPress sites on an EC2 m1.small instance in Amazon Web Services (AWS) Singapore data centre to a m1.micro instance in the new Sydney data centre. Unfortunately the new t1.micro instance has run out of memory a couple of times, resulting in the websites being unavailable. After I was notified I had to find out what process/service was killed and restart it.

To stop this happening I could either upgrade to a m1.small instance with 1.7 GiB instead of the 613 MiB, or I could add swap space to the existing server.

I decided to try and save some money by adding swap space to my existing server. There are two main options to do this:

  1. Create an EBS volume and dedicate it to swap space.
  2. Create a swap file on the existing file system (also an EBS volume if you are using an EBS based AMI).

If you decide to add an EBS volume then the smallest size is 1 GB, for which you will have to pay the prevailing monthly rate in the AWS region of your instance. Make sure you put the EBS volume in the same availability zone as your instance or you will not be able to attach it! You will also be charged the I/O costs as data is written to and from the swap space.

With a swap file you only get charged the I/O costs, since you are already paying for the empty space. I still had quite a bit of space available and thought that 512 MB of swap space would be sufficient, so I chose this method.

I’ll describe what I did first and then outline the option using a dedicated EBS volume.

Adding a Swap File

First of I needed to decide where to put the swap file and what to call it. I chose /mnt/swap_512.swap and created it with the following command:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/swap_512.swap bs=1M count=512

Next I needed to let Linux prepare the file for use as a swap file by using the mkswap command:

mkswap /mnt/swap_512.swap

Finally, I activated the swap file with the swapon command:

swapon /mnt/swap_512.swap

You can check to see if your swap file is being used with top or free. Here is the output from free on my machine:

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        615664     592288      23376          0       8548     144448
-/+ buffers/cache:     439292     176372
Swap:       524284        348     523936

You should edit your /etc/fstab file to add the swap file information so that it is available if you restart the instance. This is what my fstab looks like on my t1.micro instance:

LABEL=/     /           ext4    defaults,noatime  1   1
tmpfs       /dev/shm    tmpfs   defaults        0   0
devpts      /dev/pts    devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0   0
sysfs       /sys        sysfs   defaults        0   0
proc        /proc       proc    defaults        0   0
/dev/sdf    /u01        ext4    defaults        0   0
/mnt/swap_512.swap swap swap    defaults        0   0

Note that I have another EBS volume attached for backup purposes that is mounted at /u01.

Adding a Dedicated EBS Volume for Swap Space

First you’ll need to create a new EBS volume in the same region and availability zone as your t1.micro instance. The smallest size is 1GB, which should be more than enough for your swap space.

Once the volume is available you need to attach it to your instance and then note the device so that you can refer to it later. For example, my backup volume is /dev/xvdf with a link to that called /dev/sdf.

There is no need to create the file like the previous example, so you can go straight to preparing the device for use as swap space with the following command:

mkswap -f /dev/xvdf

The -f will force the use of the whole disk, which is what you want.

You can then activate the swap space with:

swapon /dev/xvdf

Again you should edit your /etc/fstab to make sure the swap space is available upon a reboot. Just use my example above, replacing the /mnt/swap_512.swap with /dev/xvdf or your assigned device.

Conclusion

Adding swap space to your AWS EC2 micro instance is quite a simple process that can bring much needed stability (random process kills to keep the machine running are not fun). It can also give you time to catch a memory hogging process before it brings the machine to a halt. However, you do need to monitor your swap usage. If you find that your system is constantly reading and writing to swap then your system’s response time can slow down dramatically. In this case you are truly memory bound and need to upgrade to an m1.small instance.

Samsung Galaxy Note II – Water Damage

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On Saturday afternoon I went for a walk around Singapore’s MacRitchie Reservoir to do some exercise and get a bit closer to nature. The whole circuit is about 13 km if you include the HSBC TreeTop Walk. While there are some small huts dotted around the track, there is one part, near the golf course, that has no cover and no huts. This is, of course, where the heavens opened and I ended up jogging in a torrential downpour, giving myself and my Samsung Galaxy Note II a shower.

I quite enjoyed the whole experience, with the rain drowning out any sound of civilization and I could feel my primal instincts activating to dodge the torrents of water pouring down the track which had transformed into a stream in some places.

Unfortunately, my Samsung Galaxy Note II did not like the experience at all. When I finally arrived at some cover I took my phone out of my pocket and hit the button on the side to turn it off. The phone had already turned itself off though, so I unwittingly turned it on. I didn’t want to open the phone and take the battery out, as everything was just too wet. I just had to wait for the phone to turn on so I could shut it down. Alas the red led started to act strangely with different intensities before the phone died.

After wringing my clothes in the change room at the main entrance area I headed home on public transport. I don’t think any taxi driver would have taken me!

When I arrived home I put my Samsung Galaxy Note II in my dry cabinet with the cover off and battery out. The following day the phone did turn on, but the touch screen became non-responsive and the screen flickered like there was some interference. It didn’t look good, so I decided to take everything to pieces again and put it back in the dry cabinet.

Upon searching online for water damage information for a Samsung Galaxy Note II I found out where the water damage indicator is. Apparently the small white square at the top left of the battery compartment, near the battery contacts, is supposed to have a number of small red crosses on it. When water touches the area the crosses bleed into the white area turning the white square into a red one. Well mine was ALL white. I couldn’t believe that had happened from the phone being in my pocket while exposed to rain from a tropical storm.

I took the phone into Samsung today and have to wait for the quote to fix it. Since it’s water damage the warranty does not cover the problem. I hope it’s not going to be too expensive, but the phone will not even turn on now, so it’s not looking good.

If it is expensive to fix it a friend suggested I should get the new Sony Experia Z instead because it’s water proof and would withstand this type of punishment!

Lesson learned – do not take expensive electronic toys into the rain forest without a plastic, rain-proof bag or water damage will ensue!

Google AdWords Conversion Tracking with WooCommerce

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I finally had some free time to add Google AdWords Conversion Tracking to my baby products website, baby.laydu.com. As described before, this website runs WordPress with the WooCommerce plug-in and an associated free theme.

Creating a conversion metric and associated tracking code is straight forward on the Google AdWords site. You just need to log into your AdWords account, click on the Tools and Analysis drop-down menu and choose Conversions to get started. Once you’ve chosen what you want to track you end up with some code like this:

  <!- Google Code for Purchase Conversion Page ->
  <script type="text/javascript">
  /* <![CDATA[ */
  var google_conversion_id = 1234567890;
  var google_conversion_language = "en_US";
  var google_conversion_format = "1";
  var google_conversion_color = "666666";
  var google_conversion_label = "Purchase";
  if (<? echo $totalValue ?>) {
  var google_conversion_value = <? echo $totalValue ?>
  }
  /* ]]> */ 
  </script>
  <script type="text/javascript"
  src="http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/conversion.js">
  </script>
  <noscript>
  <img height=1 width=1 border=0
  src="http://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/
  conversion/1234567890/?value=
  <? echo $totalValue ?>&label=Purchase&script=0">
  </noscript>
  </body>

Now you just need to add this to the Order Received page in WooCommerce. That’s easy, just go and add the code into the page definition below the [woocommerce_thankyou] tag, right? Not so fast! The code will get mangled by the editor that thinks it is dealing with HTML rather than JavaScript.

With the WordPress editor trying to be too clever you can add the code to the relevant PHP file on the server. For WooCommerce the best place is to put the in the /wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/templates/checkout/thankyou.php. I put my code just after the thank you message:

<p><?php _e('Thank you. Your order has been received.', 'woocommerce'); 
?></p>
<!-- Google Code for Purchase Conversion Page -->
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
...

Unfortunately there is still a problem with WordPress 3.5.1 that has been documented for 6 years which replaces the end of the CDATA section “/* ]]> */” with “/* ]]&gt; */”. The quick fix for this is to comment out the offending code in /wp-includes/post-template.php.

function the_content($more_link_text = null, $stripteaser = false) {
      $content = get_the_content($more_link_text, $stripteaser);
      $content = apply_filters('the_content', $content);
/**   $content = str_replace(']]>', ']]&gt;', $content); */

Google has a neat little extension for Chrome, Tag Assistant, which allows you to check that your Google code snippets are working on the displayed page. I ran that on the Order Received page and everything was finally functioning. Now I just need to wait until a customer clicks on one of my ads and purchases something to see if the Google AdWords Conversion Tracking is working as intended with my WooCommerce site.

Credit to SIMON.SCHÖNBECK.DK for his post on a related CDATA problem with WordPress.